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Disaster preparedness in agriculture in India
Disaster preparedness in agriculture in India
By Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi
Definition of Disaster
The National Disaster Management Act 2005 defines, "Disaster is a disaster, accident, disaster or serious incident affecting an area, the product of natural phenomena or man-made, or by accident or negligence resulting in a substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to and destruction of the same, or damage or deterioration of the environment, and is such and importance, beyond the capacity of community control of the affected area. "
It remains to be seen as how we interpret an event when terms such as disaster, misfortune, disaster occurrence and serious co-exist and, naturally, will be seen as interchangeable. As if to complicate matters further Moreover, the definition hanging on the knife edge of local responsiveness. Suppose there are two identical events in two different locations A and B, and the responsiveness A local is greater than that required to manage the event, while in the B local response capacity is much lower. Clearly, this would mean that the same event is recognized as a disaster in the position B but not in the location A.?
UNDRO United Nations Disaster Management Training Manual defines "Disasters as a serious breach of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of affected society to cope only with their own resources.
UNDRO 1987, cited in 1996 Hanisch, define disasters as follows: "A disaster is an event that focuses on space and time and that a company subject to such grave danger and serious human casualties or material damage to the local social structure breaks down and society is unable to perform one or more of its key functions. "
The High Power Committee of Government of India, in its report of October 2001 defines the disaster is an occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in deaths, injuries and property damage that can not be managed through routine procedures and government resources. It usually develops suddenly and unexpectedly and requires immediate, coordinated and effective response organizations by multiple government and private sector to meet human needs and early recovery "
The definition of disaster provided by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) is relatively simple. CRED defines, "A disaster is a situation or event that exceeds local capacity, which requires an application to minorities national or international level for external assistance, a sudden and unforeseen event that often causes great damage, destruction and human suffering. "Then you're adding that for a disaster to be entered into the database, at least one of the criteria must be met: (1) ten or more people reported dead (2) 100 reported affected (3) declaration of state of emergency and (4) call for international assistance. Clearly the difficulty they face in the class defined in the Act does not arise if the definition is used.
Disaster and crisis Badge
Natural
* The drought
* Flooding
* Earthquakes
* Landslides
* Cloud bursts
* Cyclones
Created by man
* Air, rail and road accidents
* Accidents at work
* Civil Commotions and concerns
* Terrorism and terrorist strikes
The high-powered committee set up by Govt. India, in 2001, has identified 31 disaster and classified in the following 5 groups -
I. Water and climate-related disasters-
- 1. Flooding and drainage
- 2. Cyclones
- 3. Tornadoes and hurricanes
- 4. Hail storms
- 5. Cloud burst
- 6. Wave Heat and cold wave
- 7. Snow avalanches
- 8. Droughts
- 9. Sea Erosion
- 10. Thunder and lightning
II. Geological disasters
- 1. Landslides and mudflows
- 2. Earthquakes
- 3. Dam failures / Dam Explosion
- 4. Mine fire
III. Chemical / Industrial / Nuclear
Disaster
- 1. Chemical and industrial disasters
- 2. Nuclear Disaster
IV. Related Disasters with the accident
- 1. Forest fires
- 2. Urban Fire
- 3. Minas floods and fires
- 4. Spills oil
- 5. Great building collapses
- 6. Serial bomb blasts
- 7. Disaster Festival
- 8. disasters and electrical fires
- 9. Air, road and rail accidents
- 10. Boat capsize
- 11. Village Fire
V. Biological Disaster
- 1. Biological disasters and epidemics
- 2. Pest attacks
- 3. Cattle epidemics
- 4. Food Poisoning
India supports a sixth of the world population only 2% of its mass. It suffers greatly from natural disasters of all shades and description that hits the poorest of the poor and that is why the disaster safety considerations deserve paramount.
According to one estimate, about 59% of the land surface of India is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity, nearly 12% is likely to floods, about 8% is likely cyclone, 2% is overwhelming prone and a long coastline, more than 5500 km is exposed to tsunamis and other transmitted by the sea of disasters such as storm surges. The drought, considered as a disaster in slow motion, affect up to 68% of the total land area of India. Of the 35 states and territories, through 27 are prone to disasters. And if the perception of threats due to disasters such as chemical and terrorist attacks are added, every square inch of India is vulnerable, requiring immediate attention and sustained effort.
Major Disaster Indian
1. Drought
Approximately 68% of the land which covers sub-Himalayan and peninsular India is vulnerable. It affects mainly arid, -humid regions, states like Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, MP, AP, Bihar, UP, Haryana, Orissa, WB, J & K, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Low rainfall during the past two years has caused severe drought conditions in 11 Indian states. An estimated 130 million people - approximately 15% of the population - in over 70,000 villages and 230 urban centers are at risk. Apart from economic loss due to low agricultural production, loss of the animal wealth, inadequate nutrition and primary health care, the impact of drought is likely to retard the development process. The hardest hit states are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. In drought, water bodies including lakes, ponds and wells dry up, causing severe water shortages. Consequently, the problem potable water is increasing. For example, as a result of the drought year of 2000 in Gujarat, 25 million people in 9500 villages, four meters, and 79 cities were affected by the shortage of drinking water (IRMA - UNICEF, 2000). The animals were most affected. In drought conditions, it is almost impossible to feed and water for them. In recent droughts, for example, thousands of cattle perished in many states due to deficiency of fodder and drinking water
All these episodes correlate with drought title = "El Niño-Southern Oscillation"> El Niño-La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO). related droughts with El Niño have also been implicated in the newspaper decline in agricultural production in India. However, ENSO (LaNina) events have coincided with abnormally high sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean in one case during 1997 and 1998 for up to 3 ° C (5 ° F), have led to oceanic evaporation increased, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm season started in the 1990s. A contrasting phenomenon is that instead of the usual mass of high pressure air over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence center forms, then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, India desiccation during what should have been the season wet summer monsoon. This reverse air flow causes droughts in India. The extent to which poses an ENSO event target = "_parent" title = "Sea surface temperature"> sea surface temperatures in the central target = "_parent" title = "Pacific Ocean"> Pacific Ocean influences the degree of drought in India.
2. Floods
India is highly prone to flooding. Of the total of 62 major rivers, 18 are flood prone and affect an area of 150 million hectares. The Floods are mainly due to heavy rains as a result of depressions in the sea and tropical cyclones. On an average 60% of the total damage due to flooding in a year are in the states of Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. Kharif crops in these states, covering approximately 40% of the total area affected. On the monetary value of lost crops, which is 90% of the total damage in those states .. The damage due to peak floods in India was approximately Rs. 654 rupees in 1980, while in 1965, was only Rs. 11 crore. The water level does not cause any positive effect. The alluvial soil brought by the waters is a great benefit to agriculture. Moreover, in areas such as the Sabarmati basin, where moderate flooding, they occur, are beneficial because they provide the necessary moisture needed for productive work and assist in the enforcement of the salt in the soil.
3. Coastal Hazards and Disasters sea by
India's coastal damage suffer from frequent weather events such as tropical cyclones, storm surges, high winds, flooding and coastal erosion. India has a long coastline of 5700 km. This is 2700 km off the east coast bordering the Bay Bengal and 3,000 km of the west coast bordering the Arabian Sea. The Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea together generate around 15-16 tropical cyclones each year, of which 2.3 may be very serious. Most hurricanes occur in the Bay of Bengal in the Arabian Sea. Cyclone seasons are May and October-November. The months of May and October are known by severe storms. The cyclone is monitoring satellite INSAT and powerful cyclone detection radars in Kolkata, Paradip, Vishkapatnam, Machhilipatnam, Chennai, Karaikal, Mumbai, Goa, Cochin and Bhuj. These watches are so successful that it can not escape detection of cyclones and has been possible to issue timely alerts through of cyclone warning centers located in Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
Losses due to disasters
Losses due to disasters, both directly and indirectly, to circumvent reliable estimates. According to a World Bank estimate, reported direct losses are the order of $ 30 billion over the past 35 years. In 2005 alone, disasters in India caused direct losses approaching Rs 87,500 crore.
During the period 1994-98, approximately 120 million people were affected by natural disasters in one form or another and according to an estimate of economic losses that piled up in about Rs.28, 000 crore. Losses mounted to 47,000 crore rupees during the period 1998-2003. have real loss livestock and human life as a whole is not available. Focus International Disaster and Disaster Reduction: International approach towards disasters and disaster reduction are recent in nature.
1. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-2000)
An important novelty of the approach priest in disaster management came from the General Assembly of United Nations Resolution 44/236 of 1989, proclaimed the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). The Special High Level Council of the Decade passed one 12-point plan Action.
2. The Earth Summit (3-14 June 1992)
The milestone of the day, Earth Summit (3-14 June 1992) called upon all countries, in particular those that are prone to disasters to mitigate the negative impact of natural resources and man-made disasters in settlements, national economies and the environment. It is here that the prominent safety culture emerged as one of the most cherished goals.
3. Cartagena Declaration (March 1994)
The March 1994 statement directed disaster studies, which combine social issues technical and scientific and civil society with the governing body to translate technocratic policy work in effective prevention and disaster relief.
4. Yokohama Decade midterm (23-27 May 1994)
After reviewing the progress of Decade, came the Yokohama Strategy to increase global security. The main recommendations that emerged were
(1) Expanding the dialogue on the disaster reduction, environment and development,
(2) institutionalize the growing culture of partnerships between national authorities costumes, NGOs, private companies, etc, for the prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures to be an acceptable part of the development process.
5. Millennium Declaration, September 2000.
The declaration resolved to intensify cooperation to protect the vulnerable, save our common environment and reduce the number and impact of natural disasters and man-made.
6. Interagency Strategy Framework International Disaster Reduction
United Nations General Assembly and the Economic and Social Committee launched the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). An inter-agency secretariat was created to serve as a focal point within the United Nations system in 2000.
7 .. World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002
The Johannesburg Plan development on sustainable development, paragraph 37, the defenders of an integrated global multi-hazard approach to address vulnerability assessment and disaster management, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery for a safer world in the 21st century.
8. Early Warning Conference, 2003
The conference sought to effective early warning systems through the strengthening of coordination and cooperation among all sectors and actors of the warning chain early
9. Mauritius Strategy for Small Island States, January 2005
Responsiveness. It was a call more commitments to reduce the vulnerability of SIDS, since they usually have inadequate
10. Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)
World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan during 18-22 January 2005 yielded a framework for action for the decade 2005-15. The priorities set for the decade include improving international and regional cooperation, emphasis on an integrated approach to multi-hazard reduction risk, recognition of cultural diversity, empowerment of communities and local authorities, promoting a culture of prevention, and recognition of that all disasters is also an opportunity and disaster risk reduction is a crosscutting issue.
11. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-15)
The declaration aims to reduce disaster risk by reviewing curricula at all levels and the use of other formal and informal channels to reach young people and children with much needed information as effective prevention and disaster mitigation.
Definition of Disaster Management
According to the National Indian Disaster Management Act 2005, the disaster management in a continuous process, integrated planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures as may be necessary or desirable for - (1) prevention of danger or threat of a catastrophe (2) mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences (3) capacity-building (4) preparing to deal with any disaster (5) rapid response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster (6) assessment the severity or magnitude of the effects of any disaster (7), evacuation and rescue, relief and (8) the rehabilitation and reconstruction.
The High Power Committee of Govt. of India, Disaster Management defined as "a collective term that covers all aspects of planning and disaster response, including both pre and post disaster activities. It can refer to the management of the risks and consequences of disasters. "Clearly, the long-term management has become a general term that covers the entire disaster cycle, including mitigation. This needs careful notes and create broad awareness, as traditionally the term management was used in a restrictive way to deal with disaster only post
DNDR Technology Report on Disaster Reduction held in the framework of IDNDR Forum 1999.
Unless the old mentality are changed, the cause of the disaster mitigation will continue to suffer at the hands of disaster managers traditional.
CROP drought tolerant, RICE DIVERSITY
Orissa is endowed with some rice varieties tolerant native drought, some of which are of high therapeutic impotence as well. Drought stress crops are inhibiting the development of lateral roots as an adaptive response to stress. The drought response is mediated by the phyto - "hormone abscisic acid, produced in these plants, which prevent the lateral root development.
Drought tolerant rice varieties do not show much tillering and are the vertical development of the root instead of the sides.
PPBSA-Navdanya, accession and STORAGE Orissa Drought-tolerant rice varieties
Pandursuan-120 days
Leatherback-150 days
Basumati-140 days
Bedaswarna-145 days
Dasarageti-130 days
Bhuta-150 days
Jhalakseni-140 days
Lakshyahira-150 days
Mahanadi-150 days
Babaganesh-150 days
FLOOD Tolerant crops, RICE DIVERSITY
Rice as a crop was brought from the highlands to arid floodplain coast for centuries.
Indica rice varieties, thus evolved, with more or less, the ability to survive
submersion. Some varieties can withstand full immersion for days.
The gene called "sub IA" has been identified in these varieties of rice. These genes have been
there a long time in nature. These native rice varieties are being grown mostly sub
merged coastal flood plains of Orissa, where they are totally under water for several days
however, survive to deliver a good performance. These varieties are generally longer days with
ability to remain submerged for longer periods than others.
-PPBSA Navdanya accession ORISSA FLOOD AND CONSERVATION tolerant rice varieties
-150 Days Jamainadu
-150 Days Panirohi
-150 Days Kalameghi
-150 Days Panidubi
Rabana -150 days
-150 Days Seulapuni
DIVERSITY OF SALT tolerant rice
According to current estimates 10-35% of the world's agricultural land is salt affected. The mechanism of salt tolerance has evolved in nature slowly over a long period of rice cultivation in most of the saline affected coastal belt of Orissa (and else where too). Some of them can tolerate extreme conditions of soil salinity, even can be grown in saline soils
salt-tolerant races of the earth Orissa have caused agricultural miracle, both in Nagapattinam and Indonesia (tsunami) where some of them as Lunabakada, Bhundi, Dhalasola Kalambank and provided in response to disasters in the area to take in a production half from 34 to 54 stems in the system of rice intensification (SRI) method of rice cultivation.
Prevalence of salt-tolerance mechanisms to operating plants
1. Restrict the entry of toxic ions from the root level - exclusion
2. The transport of toxic ions the stem, leaf sheath or older leaves - plant-level partitioning
3. The excretion of salt through salt glands, salt and bladders of hair - secretion
4. The abduction of the toxic ions to the vacuole or cell wall level partitioning of the cells
antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) with 2 isomeric forms such as CAT-1 and 2, and peroxidase (POX) with 4 isomeric forms as POX-1, 2,3 and 4 peroxidase, as well as guaiacol (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) mediate salt exclusion, secretion and activity of cells and tissue level of foreclosure in all tolerant plants salt that help them survive in the harsh things and tidal zones. It is assumed that the diversity of salt-tolerant rice should have a few of them.
It is argued that the varieties GM crops tolerant to salt no satisfactory substitute for natural diversity, because the bottom of the plants showing red salt stress, even after addition of 25% gypsum, while the native varieties are red Ness minimum, even without any application of gypsum
PPBSA-Navdanya ORISSA COLLECTION AND CONSERVATION, SAL-tolerant rice varieties
-135 Days Bhundi
Sankarchin - (aromatic) 150 days
Lunabakada -150 days
-135 Days Kalambank
-130 Days Dudheswar
-145 Days Bhaliki
Mitigation Disaster
According to the Indian Act of 2005, "Mitigation measures for risk reduction, impact and effects of a disaster or disaster threat. "There is an urgent need to ensure that mitigation strategies are entangled and integrated with the development process very.
State of Balasore in Sarthe Coast estuary after the Orissa Super Cyclone 1999
During and after the cyclone, the area became devastated. Consequently, all commercial activities in the local market, which had an ice factory with the ease of canned fish, some shops, doctors' houses, hotels and restaurants were abandoned in 2006. A fishing pier which was under construction was abandoned midway and built concrete structure damaged beyond recovery. The coast was damaged to the point that it became incommunicable and navigable.
Navdanya decided to restore the local ecology through rejuvenation of the mangroves. One of the mud flat is available under protection with local networks, bamboo and labor. In time of 2 years on 1,60,000 seeds and plants of 16 species of mangroves were established in an area of 35 acres of mud flat in the devastated site the actions of the tides by the cyclone. Some of these plants were successful start-ups after 2 years and the local community members of these seeds planted Ness thickness to win.
As expected, was not successful eco-restoration in the area within 2 years of rejuvenation of mangroves. Those who had left the area began to return and reclaim their abandoned property. Today the abandoned fishing pier reminiscent of eco-destruction of the area after the Orissa super cyclone of 1999.
Some species of mangroves established in the estuary
ASI No.
Species name
Hypocotyl
- General Characters
Native Name
No. of seeds or propagules /
Hypocotyles / Rhizome
1.
Kandelia Candel
40 cm long hypocotyles
Sinduka
39,100
2.
Rhizophora stylosa
Hypocotyls smooth, not exceeding 30 cm
Rai
20
3.
Rhizophora apiculata
Thin hypocotyls
50 cm long
Rai
4400
4.
Rhizophora mucronata
Hypocotyles thin
75 cm long
Rai
750
5.
Bruguiera gymnorhiza
18-25 cm long with flange
Bandari
7750
6.
Bruguiera sexangula
Burly Hypocotyles
10 cm long
Bandari
1150
7.
Cylindrica Bruguiera
16 cm long hypocotyles
Kaliachua
12,850
8
Ceriops decandra
Sharply ridged 12 cm long hypocotyles
Garani
13,500
9.
Aegiceras corniculatum
5-8 cm long hypocotyles
Kharsi
10,300
10.
Xylocarpus granatum
4 lobed fruits with diabetes. 25 cm
Sisumar
4050
11.
Sonneratia alba
Calyx six lobes, ribbed, petals white, tinged with red, ovate leaves.
Orua
550
12.
Sonneratia apetala
Calyx 4-lobed, the stigma of mushroom-shaped
Kero
150
13.
Aegialitis rotundifolia
Hypocotyles 7 cm long, high salt tolerance
Banarua
42,000
14.
Avicennia alba
Seed cone at the top
Kalabani
3000
15.
Avicennia officinalis
Almond-shaped seeds
Dhalabani
11,000
16.
Avicennia marina
Seeds square to rounded
Singhalabani
2000
17.
Excoecaria agallocha
It exudes a white latex in the fruit injury schizocarp 3 lobes
Guan
50
18.
Thespesia populnea
Leaves deeply cordate Flower 2-color multi-seeded fruit
Habali
8000
19.
Pongamia pinnata
The evergreen leaves, ovate, flattened fruits
Karanj
6000
20.
Phoenix paludosa
The palm leaves as the date, but thorny, small fruits, stems ring
Hental
20 * (not survived)
21.
Cynometra IRIPA
The fruits have a peak lateral
Singida
30 * (not germinated)
22.
Acanthus ilicifolius
Gregarious shrub up
2 m. flower high, bluish white, margin spiny leaves
Harkanch
4000 (one thousand survived)
23
Coractata Porteresia
Grass, like, acicular leaves, serrate margin spinulose
Dhanidhan
Millions have regenerated the area.
Effective response to disasters
Efficient and rapid response requires the ability to anticipate and make sound decisions to ensure the participation of people over time. The best way is a scientific analysis of the affected area and geo-climatic conditions that existed at that site. crop selection has to be made accordingly.
1.Nagapattinam (TN), after the 2004 tsunami. Total loss of the main crop, paddy. Navdanya from its seed bank in Balasore transported 100 quintals of 3 salt-tolerant varieties native selected and distributed in 3 villages. crop yield was very good, although they were of longer duration varieties days at the site of its collection. Thus, the new rice variety was established in Nagapattinam
2.Ersama after the Orissa cyclone super, 1999. Total loss of rice crop seeds Navdanya decided to restore the rice fields and vegetable crops. 100 quintals of salt and flooding 14 native seeds resistant rice were obtained from Navdanya seed banks exist in the coastal district of Balasore with similar climatic conditions and geo-distributed in 3 villages Gadabishunpur 3 GP through seed banks established with these seeds. In 3 years, these seeds were distributed to 6 villages, covering nearly Ersama block. Yields of new seeds were excellent due to the distance between the place of their meeting and the place of their new crops, the basis of the traditional system of seed exchange is already obsolete. Vegetable seeds of the family on all packages each with 10 to 50 grams of 10 varieties of vegetables, enough to support a family, were also distributed the affected population.
Innovating education Disaster
There should be an open national debate on the dimensions of disaster education and how that should be imparted. Disaster education must be for all people, male or female, young or old, literate or illiterate and must meet their specific needs as individuals and groups. Considering that India needs a race of experts and specialists in all aspects of mitigation management of disasters and for which there is enough space to be found in our universities and colleges of learning, a much broader framework alone can meet the demand for disaster education for all. The biggest challenge before us is to move from conventional chalk and talk or power-point-disaster education in no systematic education races overall perception and safety culture of disaster by selling excitement and joy of learning in the Living Labs nature and not in the confines of the classroom.
Even with adequate concern for the quality and scope of coverage in a particular case, universities and institutions should not become factories to deliver graduates and postgraduates, without assessing the labor market. Who will employ graduates and post graduates and How Much? Thus, the importance of the need of utmost importance when profits. National Disaster Management and Administration of State management disaster are in the best position to make projections of the numbers may be needed initially and in the long term, in terms of management and mitigation referred disasters .. This would bring to the forefront of wisdom to impart disaster education in the current curricula to ensure the mobility of students in the global market have learned the experience of disaster management and management.
Disaster Education should become a bridge between research and development (especially in the issues that lead to sustainable protection of natural resources and the built environment) on one end and the solving of problems real life (consultancy or practice) at the other end.
About the Author
Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.
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